Types of GPS

　　There are many types of GPS satellite receivers, which are divided into  geodetic type, total station type, timing type, handheld type and integrated  type according to the model; according to the application, they are divided into  vehicle type, shipborne type, airborne type, spaceborne type and bomb-borne  type. . 4.2.1 Classification according to the purpose of the receiver 1.  Navigation receiver This type of receiver is mainly used for the navigation of  the moving carrier, which can give the position and speed of the carrier in real  time. This type of receiver generally uses C/A code pseudorange measurement, and  the single-point real-time positioning accuracy is low, generally ±10m, and  ±100m when there is SA influence. Such receivers are inexpensive and widely  used. According to the different application fields, such receivers can be  further divided into: Vehicle type - used for vehicle navigation and  positioning; Nautical type - used for ship navigation and positioning; Aviation  type - used for aircraft navigation and positioning. Due to the high speed of  the aircraft, the receiver used in aviation is required to be able to adapt to  high-speed motion. Satellite type - used for satellite navigation and  positioning. Since the speed of the satellite is as high as 7km/s or more, the  requirements for the receiver are higher. 2. Geodetic receiver Geodetic receiver  is mainly used for precision geodetic survey and precision engineering survey.  This type of instrument mainly uses the carrier phase observation value for  relative positioning, and the positioning accuracy is high. The structure of the  instrument is complicated and the price is more expensive. 3. Timing receiver  This type of receiver mainly uses the high-precision time standard provided by  GPS satellites for timing, and is often used for time synchronization in  astronomical observatories and radio communications. 4.2.2 Classification  according to the carrier frequency of the receiver Single-frequency receiver The  single-frequency receiver can only receive the L1 carrier signal, and measure  the carrier phase observation value for positioning. Since the effect of  ionospheric delay cannot be effectively eliminated, single-frequency receivers  are only suitable for precise positioning with short baselines (<15km).  Dual-frequency receiver The dual-frequency receiver can simultaneously receive  L1 and L2 carrier signals. Using the difference of the delay of the ionosphere  by the dual frequency can eliminate the influence of the delay of the ionosphere  on the electromagnetic wave signal, so the dual frequency receiver can be used  for precise positioning up to several thousand kilometers. 4.2.3 Classification  according to the number of receiver channels GPS receivers can receive signals  from multiple GPS satellites at the same time. In order to separate the received  signals from different satellites to achieve tracking, processing and  measurement of satellite signals, devices with such functions are called for the  antenna signal channel. According to the types of channels the receiver has, it  can be divided into: Multi-channel receivers Sequential channel receivers  Multi-channel multi-channel receivers 4.2.4 Classification according to the  working principle of receivers technique to obtain pseudorange observations.  Square receiver The square receiver uses the square technique of the carrier  signal to remove the modulated signal to restore the complete carrier signal.  The phase difference between the carrier signal generated in the receiver and  the received carrier signal is measured by a phase meter. Pseudorange  observations. Hybrid receiver This instrument combines the advantages of the  above two receivers, and can obtain both code phase pseudoranges and carrier  phase observations. Interferometric receiver This kind of receiver uses GPS  satellites as radio sources and uses interferometric measurement methods to  measure the distance between two stations. After more than 20 years of practice,  the GPS system is a high-precision, all-weather and global radio navigation,  positioning and timing multi-functional system. GPS technology has developed  into a multi-field, multi-mode, multi-purpose, multi-model international  high-tech industry. ◆Geodetic GPS Geodetic receivers are mainly used for  precision geodetic surveying and precision engineering surveying. This type of  instrument mainly uses carrier phase observations for relative positioning, and  has high positioning accuracy. The structure of the instrument is complicated  and the price is more expensive. According to the use and accuracy, it is  divided into static (single-frequency) receivers and dynamic (dual-frequency)  receivers, namely RTK. ) Navigation Company, Switzerland Leica Geosystems (Leica  Geosystems), Japan TOPCON (Topcon) Company, domestic manufacturers mainly  include Nanfang Surveying and Mapping, Zhonghaida, China Survey, Kelida and so  on. The GPS receiver products of Southern Surveying and Mapping mainly include  RTK S82, S86, S82-1, S86-T, Bluetooth static GPS, etc. Among them, S82-T adopts  an integrated design, integrating GPS antenna, UHF data link, BD970, Trimble  embedded positioning technology, plug-and-play U disk design, Bluetooth  communication module, lithium battery, and its RTK positioning accuracy: plane ±  (1cm +1ppm), vertical ± (2cm+1ppm); static post-processing accuracy: plane ±  (2.5mm+1ppm), vertical ± (5mm+1ppm); stand-alone positioning accuracy: 1.5m  (CEP); code differential positioning accuracy: 0.45 m(CEP). The GPS receiver  products of Zhonghaida Surveying and Mapping mainly include the static  integrated receiver HD-8200G and GD-8200X, of which HD-8200G is equipped with a  wireless remote control, which can view key information such as satellite status  from a long distance, 8200X is equipped with voice navigation function, The key  parameters of static acquisition, satellite altitude angle and sampling  interval, can be set directly through the panel. RTK products mainly include  Everest HD-5800, V8 CORS RTK, V8 GNSS RTK. RTK operation accuracy: static  post-processing accuracy: plane: ±2.5mm+1ppm, elevation: ±5.0mm+1ppm, RTK  positioning accuracy: plane: ±1cm+1ppm, elevation: ±2cm+1ppm, code differential  positioning accuracy: 0.45m (CEP), single-machine positioning accuracy: 1.5m  (CEP). The V8 features eight major innovations. CTI's GPS receiver products  mainly include X60CORS, X20 single-frequency receiver, X90 integrated RTK, X60  dual-frequency receiver, etc. The product with the highest accuracy obtained  through the People's Republic of China Manufacturing Measuring Instrument  License in China, X90 is a 28-channel dual-frequency GPS receiver, integrated  dual-frequency GPS receiver, dual-frequency measurement GPS antenna, UHF radio,  imported Bluetooth module and Battery, dynamic accuracy: horizontal 10mm+1ppm,  vertical 20mm+1ppm; static accuracy: horizontal 5mm+1ppm, vertical 10mm+1ppm,  can reach a range of 10-30 kilometers (due to actual geographical conditions),  both can withstand Drop from a height of 3 meters to a hard ground, or immerse  it underwater to a depth of 1 meter for measurement. X90 has various measurement  modes such as static, fast static, RTK, PPK, code differential, etc., and the  accuracy range is from millimeter level to sub-meter level. And it can work with  mainstream brands such as Trimble and Leica. Kelida GPS is an emerging brand,  the main models are Fengyun K9 and static K7. Kelida Fengyun K9 dual-frequency  RTK GPS receiver with battery weighs 0.8kg. It is the lightest GPS receiver in  China. It is designed with a sealing rubber ring and has a dustproof and  waterproof rating of IP67. Sturdy and lightweight shell, resistant to 2 meters  natural drop, 2W low power consumption, data update rate up to 20Hz, signal  recapture: 0.5~1.0 seconds. Static accuracy: plane ±3mm+1ppm, elevation  ±5mm+1ppm; RTK accuracy: plane ±1cm+1ppm, elevation ±2cm+1ppm; code differential  positioning accuracy: 0.45m (CEP); stand-alone positioning accuracy: 1.5m (CEP)  . Using PAC and Vision related technologies, it can effectively eliminate  multi-path interference signals from near the antenna or in a strong multi-path  interference environment. It has the characteristics of high precision, high  reliability and high data sampling rate. It can be upgraded to support Russia's  GLONASS satellite positioning. system, so as to realize the positioning  capability of the GPS+GLONASS dual-star system. ◆Car GPS When a GPS positioning  terminal is made through hardware and software for vehicle positioning, it is  called car GPS, but positioning alone is not enough, and the positioning  information must be transmitted to the alarm center or the vehicle GPS holder.  We call them third parties. Therefore, the GPS positioning system also includes  GSM network communication (mobile phone communication), and the satellite  positioning information is sent to a third party by means of short messages  through the GSM network. Interpret the text messages through the microcomputer,  and display the vehicle position on the electronic map. In this way, the vehicle  GPS positioning is realized. At the same time, the corresponding detection  sensors are installed on the car, and the GSM network communication function of  car GPS positioning can also be used to send the anti-theft alarm information to  a third party, or send the alarm call and text message directly to the owner's  mobile phone to complete the car. GPS anti-theft alarm. It can be seen here that  the GSM network part of the vehicle GPS positioning is actually a smart phone,  which can communicate with a third party, and can also send information such as  vehicle robbery, driver robbery, kidnapping, etc. to the third party. Therefore,  car GPS positioning is positioning, anti-theft, and anti-robbery. At present,  the market sales are very broad, and the general civilian navigation GPS is  often mentioned by everyone. Such GPS is mainly used for car positioning and  navigation. At present, more and more developed roads and intricate viaducts  make it more and more difficult for drivers to distinguish the road. Navigating  the car GPS is indeed a great convenience to the driver!Moreover, the current  navigation gps also has services such as early warning electronic eyes,  inquiries about national tourist attractions and hotels. It is indeed a great  convenience to travel! Take Da Gama Falcon G808 as an example, the above  functions can be realized by self-service, remote control and query! ◆Similar to  car GPS Similar to car GPS terminals, there are positioning mobile phones,  personal locators, etc. Because GPS satellite positioning needs to use  third-party positioning services, it has to pay varying monthly/yearly service  fees. At present, all GPS positioning terminals have no navigation function.  Because additional hardware and software are required, the cost increases. The  car GPS advertisements we see on TV are completely different from the above car  GPS. It is a GPS navigation product. When navigation is required, the first  positioning is the starting point of the navigation, which is different from the  real GPS positioning. It cannot transmit the positioning information to the  third party and the holder, because the navigator Mobile phone functionality is  missing. For example, if you put the navigator in the car, your friend borrowed  the car and drove away, and the navigator can't send you information, then you  can't find the location of the vehicle. So the navigator cannot locate.

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Review of GPS development in the past ten years