Global Positioning System (GPS) is a new generation of space satellite navigation and positioning system jointly developed by the United States Army, Navy, and Air Force in the 1970s. It has the characteristics of high accuracy, all-weather, high efficiency, multifunctional, and widely used.

　　The principle of GPS positioning is that 24 GPS satellites orbit the Earth at an altitude of 12000 kilometers above the ground in a 12 hour cycle, allowing for simultaneous observation of more than 4 satellites at any point on the ground at any time. Due to the precise positioning of satellites, in GPS observations, we can obtain the distance from the satellite to the receiver. Using the distance formula in three-dimensional coordinates and using three satellites, we can form three equations to solve the positions of observation points (X, Y, Z). Considering the error between the satellite clock and the receiver clock, there are actually four unknowns, X, Y, Z, and clock difference. Therefore, a fourth satellite needs to be introduced to form four equations for solving, in order to obtain the longitude, latitude, and elevation of the observation point.

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